We are actively characterizing the human T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in a variety of cohorts, including immunocompromised and previously healthy individuals. As newer variants emerge, we are involved in characterizing the ability of CD8+ T cells to cross react. In addition, we study the CD8+ T cell response in individuals who are able to spontaneously control HIV and in individuals who control after treatment with anti-retroviral therapy. We hope that characterizing the cellular response to infection and vaccination will allow us to better understand the evolution of the human immune response over time as well as develop optimized next-generation T cell vaccines.